Bretton Woods and the World Debt Crisis essays

Bretton Woods and the World Debt Crisis essays 1. The Bretton Woods institutions were developed near the end of W.W. II to help countries that were greatly affected by the war. The three institutions that were created in New Hampshire by the economic leaders of various countries were: The International Monetary Fund, The World Bank, and The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, which later developed into the World Trade Organization. The I.M.F was created so that countries could exchange their currency for other currencies with little restriction on the trade. This organization also helps countries that are facing high debts by giving them loans. The World Bank was established to help European countries destroyed by the war. The only country to receive any money for the war however was Holland. After that, The World Bank focused mainly on giving out loans similar to the I.M.F. The GATT was created with the idea that countries could negotiate their policy on trade. They wanted to create an institution that would regulate free tr ade between countries. Some countries did not like the idea that an organization could control what they do with other countries. Consequently in 1995 the World Trade Organization was established. The organization can judge if member countries are not getting fair trade policies by other Countries. 2. The three major factors that created the debt crisis were; the change in what we call money, the amount of money given to poor countries by the organizations like the I.M.F and World Bank, and the oil boom of the 1970s which pressured financial organizations to invest the money created from that boom. The Bretton Woods meeting established the idea that countries would exchange their currency for U.S dollars at a fixed rate. In return, the Americans would exchange money for gold that they at Fort Knox again at a fixed rate. For various reasons however, in the 1960s the United States was creating an amount of money that they did not have in gold. C...

Animals - Metazoa - The Animal Encyclopedia

Animals - Metazoa - The Animal Encyclopedia Animals (Metazoa) are a group of living organisms that includes more than one million identified species and many millions more that have yet to be named. Scientists estimate that the number of all animal species- those that have been named and those that have yet to be discovered- is between 3 and 30 million species. Animals are divided into more than thirty groups (the number of groups varies based on differing opinions and the latest phylogenetic research) and there are many ways to go about classifying animals. For the purposes of this site, I often focus on six of the most familiar groups- amphibians, birds, fishes, invertebrates, mammals, and reptiles. I also look at many less familiar groups, some of which are described below. To begin, lets take a look at what animals are, and explore some of the characteristics that distinguish them from organisms such as plants, fungi, protists, bacteria, and archaea. What Is An Animal? Animals are a diverse group of organisms that include many subgroups such as arthropods, chordates, cnidarians, echinoderms, mollusks, and sponges. Animals also include a vast array of lesser-known creatures such as flatworms, rotifers, placazoans, lamp shells, and waterbears. These high-level animal groups may sound rather strange to anyone who has not taken a course in zoology, but the animals that we are most familiar with belong to these broad groups. For example, insects, crustaceans, arachnids, and horseshoe crabs are all members of the arthropods. Amphibians, birds, reptiles, mammals, and fishes are all members of the chordates. Jellyfish, corals, and anemones are all members of the cnidarians. The vast diversity of organisms that are classified as animals makes it difficult to draw generalizations that are true of all animals. But there are several common characteristics animals share that describe most members of the group. These common characteristics include multi-cellularity, specialization of tissues, movement, heterotrophy, and sexual reproduction. Animals are multi-cellular organisms, which means their body consists of more than one cell. Like all multi-cellular organisms (animals are not the only multi-cellular organisms, plants, and fungi are also multi-cellular), animals are also eukaryotes. Eukaryotes have cells that contain a nucleus and other structures called organelles that are enclosed within membranes. With the exception of the sponges, animals have a body that is differentiated into tissues, and each tissue serves a specific biological function. These tissues are, in turn, organized into organ systems. Animals lack the rigid cell walls that are characteristic of plants. Animals are also motile (they are capable of movement). The body of most animals is arranged such that the head points in the direction they move while the rest of the body follows behind. Of course, the great variety of animal body plans means that there are exceptions and variations to this rule. Animals are heterotrophs, meaning they rely on consuming other organisms to obtain their nourishment. Most animals reproduce sexually by means of differentiated eggs and sperm. Additionally, most animals are diploid (the cells of adults contain two copies of their genetic material). Animals go through different stages as they develop from a fertilized egg (some of which include the zygote, blastula, and gastrula). Animals range in size from microscopic creatures known as zooplankton to the blue whale, which can reach as much as 105 feet in length. Animals live in virtually every habitat on the planet- from the poles to the tropics, and from the tops of mountains to the deep, dark waters of the open ocean. Animals are thought to have evolved from flagellate protozoa,  and the oldest animal fossils date back 600 million years, to the latter part of the Precambrian. It was during the Cambrian period (about 570 million years ago), that most major groups of animals evolved. Key Characteristics The key characteristics of animals include: multi-cellularityeukaryotic cellssexual reproductionspecialization of tissuesmovementheterotrophy Species Diversity More than 1 million species Classification Some of the better known groups of animals include: Arthropods (Arthropoda) - Scientists have identified more than one million arthropods species and estimate that there many millions of arthropod species that have yet to be identified. The most diverse group of arthropods is the insects. Other members of this group include spiders,  horseshoe crabs, mites,  millipedes,  centipedes, scorpions, and crustaceans. Chordates (Chordata) - There are about 75,000 species of chordates alive today. Members of this group include vertebrates, tunicates, and cephalochordates (also called lancelets). Chordates have a notochord, a skeletal rod that is present during some or all of the developmental stages of their life cycle. Cnidarians (Cnidaria) - There are about 9,000 species of cnidarians alive today. Members of this group include corals, jellyfish, hydras, and  sea anemones. Cnidarians are radially symmetrical animals. At the center of their body is a gastrovascular cavity that has a single opening encircled by tentacles. Echinoderms  (Echinodermata) - There are about 6,000 species of echinoderms alive today. Members of this group include feather stars, star fish, brittle stars, sea lilies, sea urchins, and sea cucumbers. Echinoderms exhibit five-point (pentaradial) symmetry and have an internal skeleton that consists of calcareous ossicles. Mollusks (Mollusca) - There are about 100,000 species of mollusks alive today. Members of this group include bivalves, gastropods, tusk shells,cephalopods, and a number of other groups. Mollusks are a soft-bodied animals whose body has three basic sections: a mantle, a foot, and a visceral mass. Segmented Worms (Annelida) - There are about 12,000 species of segmented worms alive today. Members of this group include earthworms, ragworms, and leeches. Segmented worms are bilaterally symmetrical and their body consists of a head region, a tail region, and a middle region of numerous repeated segments. Sponges (Porifera) - There are about 10,000 species of sponges alive today. Members of this group include calcarious sponges, demosponges, and glass sponges. Sponges are primitive multi-cellular animals that have no digestive system, no circulatory system, and no nervous system. Find out more:  The Basic Animal Groups Some of the less well-known animal groups include: Arrow worms (Chaetognatha) - There are about 120 species of arrow worms alive today. Members of this group are predatory marine worms that are present in all marine waters, from shallow coastal waters to the deep sea. They are found in oceans of all temperatures, from the tropics to the polar regions.Bryozoans (Bryozoa) - There are about 5,000 species of bryozoans alive today. Members of this group are tiny aquatic invertebrates that filter food particles from the water using fine, feathery tentacles.Comb jellies (Ctenophora) - There are about 80 species of comb jellies alive today. Members of this group have clusters of cilia (called combs) that they use to swim. Most comb jellies are predators that feed on plankton.Cycliophorans (Cycliophora) - There are two known species of cycliophorans alive today. The group was first described in 1995 when scientists discovered the species Symbion pandora, more commonly known as the lobster-lip parasite, an animal that lives on the mouth parts of Norwegian lobsters. Cycliophorans have a body that is divided into a mouth-like structure called a buccal funnel, an oval mid-section, and a stalk with an adhesive base that clasps onto the setae of the lobsters mouth parts. Flatworms (Platyhelminthes) - There are about 20,000 species of flatworms alive today. Members of this group include planarians, tapeworms, and flukes. Flatworms are soft-bodied invertebrates that have no body cavity, no circulatory system, and no respiratory system. Oxygen and nutrients must pass through their body wall by means of diffusion. This limits their body structure and is the reason these organisms are flat.Gastrotrichs (Gastrotricha) - There are about 500 species of gastrotrichs alive today. Most members of this group are freshwater species, although there are also a small number of marine and terrestrial species. Gastrotrichs are microscopic animals with a transparent body and cilia on their belly.Gordian worms (Nematomorpha) - There are about 325 species of gordian worms alive today. Members of this group spend the larval stage of their life as parasitoid animals. Their hosts include beetles, cockroaches, and crustaceans. As adults, gordian worms are free-living organi sms and do not require a host to survive. Hemichordates (Hemichordata) - There are about 92 species of hemichordates alive today. Members of this group include acorn worms and pterobranchs. Hemichordates are worm-like animals, some of which live in tubular structures (also known as a coenecium).Horseshoe worms (Phoronida) - There are about 14 species of horseshoe worms alive today. Members of this group are marine filter-feeders that secrete a tube-like, chitinous structure that protects their body. They attach themselves to a hard surface and extend a crown of tentacles into the water to filter food from the current.Lamp shells (Brachiopoda) - There are about 350 species of lamp shells alive today. Members of this group are marine animals that resemble clams, but the resemblance is superficial. Lamp shells and clams are anatomically quite different and the two groups are not closely related. Lamp shells live in cold, polar waters and the deep sea.Loriciferans (Loricifera) - There are about 10 species of loriciferans alive t oday. Members of this group are tiny (in many cases, microscopic) animals that live in marine sediments. Loriciferans have a protective external shell. Mud dragons (Kinorhyncha) - There are about 150 species of mud dragons alive today. Members of this group are segmented, limbless, marine invertebrates that inhabit the seafloor sediments.Mud worms (Gnathostomulida) - There are about 80 species of mud worms alive today. Members of this group are small marine animals that live in shallow coastal waters where they burrow in the sand and mud. Mud worms can survive in low-oxygen environments.Orthonectids (Orthonectida) There are about 20 species of orthonectids alive today. Members of this group are parasitic marine invertebrates. Orthonectides are simple, microscopic, multi-cellular animals.Placozoa (Placozoa) - There is one species of placazoa alive today, Trichoplax adhaerens, an organism that is considered to be the simplest form of non-parasitic multi-cellular animals alive today. Trichoplax adhaerens is a tiny marine animal that has a flat body that consists of an epithelium and a layer of stellate cells.Priapulans (Priapula) - The re are 18 species of priapulids alive today. Members of this group are marine worms that live in the in muddy sediments in shallow waters up to 300 feet deep. Ribbon worms (Nemertea) - There are about 1150 species of ribbon worms alive today. Most members of this group are marine invertebrates that live in seafloor sediments or attach themselves to hard surfaces such as rocks and shells. Ribbon worms are carnivores that feed on invertebrates such as annelids, mollusks, and crustaceans.Rotifers (Rotifera) - There are about 2000 species of rotifers alive today. Most members of this group live in freshwater environments although a few marine species are known. Rotifers are tiny invertebrates, less than one-half of a millimeter in length.Roundworms (Nematoda) - There are more than 22,000 species of roundworms alive today. Members of this group live in marine, freshwater, and terrestrial habitats and are found from the tropics to the polar regions. Many roundworms are parasitic animals.Sipunculan worms (Sipuncula) - There are about 150 species of sipunculan worms alive today. Members of this group are marine worms that inhabit shallow, intertid al waters. Sipunculan worms live in burrows, rock crevices, and shells. Velvet worms (Onychophora) - There are about 110 species of velvet worms alive today. Members of this group have a long, segmented body and numerous pairs lobopodia (short, stubby, leg-like structures). Velvet worms bear live young.Waterbears (Tardigrada) - There are about 800 species of waterbears alive today. Members of this group are small aquatic animals that have a head, three body segments, and a tail segment. Waterbears, like velvet worms, have four pairs of lobopodia. Keep in Mind: Not All Living Things Are Animals Not all living organisms are animals. In fact, animals are just one of several major groups of living organisms. In addition to animals, other groups of organisms include plants, fungi, protists, bacteria, and archaea. To understand what animals are, it helps to be able to articulate what animals are not.  The following is a list of organisms that are not animals: Plants - green algae, mosses, ferns, conifers, cycads, gingkos, and flowering plantsFungi - yeasts, molds, and mushroomsProtists - red algae, ciliates, and various unicellular microorganismsBacteria - tiny prokaryotic microorganismsArchaea - single-celled microorganisms If youre talking about an organism that belongs to one of the groups listed above, then you are talking about an organism that is not an animal. References Hickman C, Roberts L, Keen S. Animal Diversity. 6th ed. New York: McGraw Hill; 2012. 479 p. Hickman C, Roberts L, Keen S, Larson A, lAnson H, Eisenhour D. Integrated Principles of Zoology 14th ed. Boston MA: McGraw-Hill; 2006. 910 p. Ruppert E, Fox R, Barnes R. Invertebrates Zoology: A Functional Evolutionary Approach. 7th ed. Belmont CA: Brooks/Cole; 2004. 963 p.

Center for Medicare & Medicaid Services Term Paper

Center for Medicare & Medicaid Services - Term Paper Example Center for Medicare & Medicaid Services The people that need these services are directly affected when the health sector is not up to their task (Thorpe and Cascio, 2013). Therefore, it is in the best interests of the health care sector to guarantee it has contained all its challenges and setbacks in ensuring the public is getting the much needed services without delay. The stagnating problem in the health care sector is provision of high quality services that are affordable by all the people in the region. According to the recent statistics, many people find it hard to afford the health care services and in most cases, they have to struggle in acquiring such services (Elliott, 2012). They have constrained budgets and have to minimize these budgets to continue living. As such, some people find it a prudent idea to forego healthcare services as they find these resources useful in other needy situations. This is a repulsive problem in many populations that find health care services expensive (Shortell, Casalino and Fisher, 2010). Similarly, there is a stagnating problem when governing bodies try to improve the quality of health care and delivery of these services. The health care is marred with costs that are increasing with every move they take to improve the delivery of health care services (Rogers, 2006). As such, the healthcare sector is in a biza rre situation where it is trying to reduce costs in delivering affordable health care, but on the other hand, the costs keep bulging due to the need to improve the service delivery. (CMS Innovation Center, 2012). How Addressed by ACA The ACA created the centre for Medicare and Medicaid innovation to deal with the issue. The institution is crafted for the ostensible reason of perfecting health care delivery and focusing on the payment systems (The Center for Medicare and Medicaid, 2012). Similarly, the institution is mandated to support care coordination in the health care sector and enhancing professional practice in healthcare. This institution was instated to deal with the menace of high spending in the health care sector while dealing with provision of high quality services. There are various approaches that are used by the CMS (Sharamotaro, 2011). First, it was to test the delivery and payment models in the institutions which would be used to measure the improvement in service d elivery. Secondly, the institutions considered relaxing some laws that were governing relationships in the financial sector especially directed towards the providers (Cosgrove, 2012). Thirdly, there was waiving of some acts in order to enhance testing. Some of the acts that were affected include the social security act. Pros and Cons There is both positivity and negativity in the approach taken by the institution. To begin with, there is positivity in that many people will have access to affordable medical care. The people that need these services will only spend part of their income in acquiring high quality healthcare services (Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, 2012). Secondly, there is positivity in that people will have access to high quality services that are provided in the institution (Baron, 2012). Many institutions will step up

What Is Eco-Social Market Economy Research Paper

What Is Eco-Social Market Economy - Research Paper Example Formulated as a network of individuals, organizations as well as groups, the Global Marshall Plan is aimed at achieving the eco-social market economy with a view to bringing in changes that can sustain the planet earth. This research will, therefore, provide an empirical insight into the Global Marshall Plan for the eco-social market economy.This project will attempt to provide a comprehensive analysis of the impact of the Global Marshall Plan for developing an eco-social market economy. This research study, therefore, will attempt to evaluate the ideas, debates, practical actions taken by the organizations as well as groups and individuals in achieving the desired objectives. What is also critical to understand that this research project will attempt to provide a sneak preview of how the implementation of the Global Marshall Plan can result in the creation of the eco-social market economy?This research study aims to address the following research objectives:- Whether implementation of the plan is practically possible?- What shall be strategic direction of the actions to be undertaken?- Whether there is a need for implementing new regulations to achieve the intended objectives of the Plan- Whether there must be an adaptation of a global approach to achieve the objectives?- What shall be the role of different stakeholders?The pace of economic development in the recent past, especially after World War 2 has been really quick which further allowed the organizations to exploit the resources at the speed that was really unprecedented in the human history. The increasing pace with which the forces of globalization took their place was something that has been relatively more quickly and with enormous consequences not for the economics as well as the social context of the economies but also the environment also.

Movie Fight Club Essay -- Fight Club Movie Film films Movies essays

Movie Fight Club Fight Club may not be a traditional piece of rhetoric yet it lends itself surprisingly well to the principles of deconstruction as outlined by Foucault, Derrida, Grassi and Burke. The God-terms in the novel are not the God-terms that mainstream society is familiar and/or comfortable with, which is not an accident. The ideas and values that are given importance and dominance in this writing as well as the drama that the reader is invited into, are not those of mainstream society, which leads the reader to reevaluate his/her concepts of knowledge and power as well as the ethical self as created by the characters, situations, and the choice of language. The idea of logo centrism is a large part of the creation of the transcendental signified in this novel. In any given type of rhetoric the reader / listener / recipient inadvertently must decide what significance and value is placed on all aspects of the piece including that which in not shown by the language. The rhetoric of Fight Club forces the reader to make the uncomfortable choice of what the theme beyond the language is, what is assumed and what is taken for granted by the language in conjunction with what is taken for granted and assumed by the reader. In other words, the storyline and language in the novel force the reader to assign power and knowledge as well as importance to ideas and themes that rub against the grain of everyday common morals and blur the line between the traditional ideas of right and wrong. Faking an illness in order to find the feeling of acceptance as the protagonist in the novel does, is not â€Å"right† in the normal world view yet within the confines of this rhetoric it is â€Å"right† because of the peace that it brings ... ...whole. The reason that this works as rhetorical strategy is the reader is lured into a false expectation of the outcome of the novel. The reader assumes while reading that the participants in the fight club will come to some epiphany through their fighting. This is not at all what happens. The mini epiphany that takes place for the narrator is yet another prolonging and pushing aside the real problem, that of self acceptance. Another psychology of form with regards to the promise/fulfillment model is also prevalent in this discourse. The characters who feel othered are invited to accept that otherness and embrace it. What is promised to the reader by the discourse is the knowledge that their feelings of otherness are not theirs alone but are shared by many others and the promise of fulfillment is in the very fact that there are others.

National Bank of Borneo Essay

I. NATIONAL BANK OF BORNEO II. COMPANY BACKGROUND National Bank of Borneo is one of local banks in Brunei. Its establishment was indebted to Mr. Khoo Teck Puat the father of the detained Khoo Ban Hock. Mr. Khoo Teck Puat is a son of a rich trader, who in 1933 merged several banks together to form Singapore’s biggest, OCBC or Overseas- Chinese Banking Corporation. After his impeded rise in the position, he left and went to Malaysia. In Malaysia he founded Malayan Banking and very rapidly he was able to open 100 branches in just one year. In six years time, the bank that he founded equal that of OCBC in Singapore, with this he was able to own 60% of Malayan Banking. Seven years later the Malayan Central Bank or BN Bank of Negara forced Khoo out, alleging excessive lending to his own companies. After leaving Malayan Banking he retained his interest in the bank’s branch in Brunei. This branch was about to be closed in 1962 but with the help of share investment by the royal company, the bank now called National Bank of Borneo prospered. National Bank of Borneo is a bank which is the larger of the two local banks in Borneo. It has advances of $ 1.128 billion, deposits of $ 1.147 billion, total capital and reserves of $ 199.4 million, and a post tax profit of $ 31.1 million. III. VIEWPOINT IV. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM One case from Brunei concerns Khoo Teck Phuat and his son Khoo Ban Hock. The latter was managing director of NBB w. Under his charge, the bank loaned more than Brunei $1 billion (which is equivalent to Singapore $1 billion) to companies controlled by his father. These loans were undocumented and  unsecured. It was claimed that these offences under Brunei banking laws by Khoo Ban Hock were committed under the control and his direction of his father. When this dishonesty was discovered, the younger Khoo was sentenced to 3 years jail but later only served two. The elder Mr Khoo was not charged, but it was understood that he made restitution of about S$600 million to cover the losses suffered by various party. Mr Khoo Teck Puat later went on to become a billionaire, and was of the largest shareholders in megabank Standard Chartered when he died in 2004. However, after the NBB scandal, he kept a low profile.

Life After Death Essay - 1163 Words

Life After Death The Romans, Greeks and Egyptians all share many common beliefs such as the belief in the Gods, spirits, souls and ultimately life after death. Although, these cultures share common beliefs, there are still very different ideas and ways in which they related and communicated with the dead. The Egyptians believed the idea of eternal and actual death was incomprehensible. As for the Greeks and Romans, they also share a similar view of what life is like after death, because they believed death was seen as nothingness. To all of these cultures death was just a mere interruption of life and not the actual end of a life. The Egyptians lived a similar life to those of the Roman and Greek cultures in that they believed†¦show more content†¦The physical bodies of the dead were preserved with oils and wrapped in long strips of linen and placed within coffins and shrines. The Egyptians, Romans and Greeks believed the dead have to be buried in a particular way in order for their souls an d spirits to rise and come back to life. Their belief was that if the dead were not buried properly their souls would be looked upon in a bad way. The Egyptians believed after leaving the earth as a human being the dead crossed a threshold of death into a beautiful place or afterlife. Their idea of the location or place where the dead lived after leaving earth was similar to that of the Greeks and Romans. Although, the names and meanings of the place where the dead were housed was different, they were still very much like that of the Greeks and Romans underworld. The Egyptians believed the dead should be buried with all their materialistic possessions, so they may enjoy eternal life even after their death. 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